| Abstract [eng] |
Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) is one of the most widespread and economically important fruit trees. Canopy architecture of an apple determines fruit bearing and demand for pruning. Main apple canopy architecture topics are related to application of growth regulators, fertilizers, studies of shoot development and pruning, and environmental influence. Genetic and physiologic aspects are studied less. The aim of the research was to investigate inheritance of apple tree canopy architecture, to identify morphological and molecular markers related to canopy architecture and to evaluate their usage in predicting canopy ideotype of apple seedlings in juvenile phase. Morphological and biochemical markers for selection of columnar and weeping apple seedlings were identified for the first time. Usage of these markers enables to select hybrids with desired canopy form during first year of growing. Regularities of morphological trait inheritance were established. It was established, that Co gene is dominant heterozygous in parental columnar clones. Dynamics of phytohormones in leafs of apple trees with different canopy architecture during vegetation were evaluated for the first time. Antagonistic relation between abscisic and giberelic acids and synergetic link between giberelic acid and zeatin controlling apple internode length was identified. Biochemical markers for identifying columnar seedling canopy in juvenile phase were established for the first time. High amount of auxin and high ratio between auxin and zeatin are specific for columnar apple trees. Morphological and molecular markers for prediction of apple seedling future canopy architecture in juvenile phase identified. Pool of hybrids with different canopy architecture was created. Regularities of morphologic parameters related to canopy architecture inheritance allow creating optimal breeding programs, choosing parental plants and selecting hybrids in juvenile phase. |
